Mohandas Gandhi Letter Signed on His 1921 Meeting with the Viceroy of India

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Dec 6, 2023

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• Lot Description
  LS signed “M. K. Gandhi,” one page, 4.75 x 8, May 12, 1920. Addressed from Shanti Kuti, Simla, a letter from Mahatma Gandhi to Sidney Robert Hignall, the Private Secretary of the Viceroy of India, in full: “You may know that I have come here to meet Pundit Malaviyaji. In view of what Punditji has told me, and what Mr Andrews told me yesterday at Allahabad, of their interviews with His Excellency the Viceroy, I shall be glad to wait upon His Excellency and to submit to him my viewpoint, if he desires to know it, and if you will kindly send me an appointment.” In very good to fine condition, with light creasing and a few short edge tears. Accompanied by a mailing envelope for another letter from “M. K. Gandhi, Bardoli” to “The Private Secretary to H.E. the Viceroy, Delhi,” which bears several stamps and postmarks dated February 1922.
  
  
  
  Research indicates that Gandhi visited Simla, once the summer capital of British India, on a limited number of occasions during his lifetime, around 10 times in all. The very first visit was May 12, 1921, when he stayed at the ‘Shanti Kuti’ at Summer Hill accompanied by Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya and Lala Lajpat Rai.
  
  
  
  Pandit Malviya (1861-1946), who is mentioned in the letter, was an Indian scholar, politician, and educational reformer, prominent in the Indian Independence Movement, and President of the Indian National Congress four times. Referred to as ‘Mahamana’ (Great Soul), a title bestowed by the Indian Polymath Rabindranath Tagore, Pandit Malviya played a significant role in arranging meetings between Gandhi and the Viceroy Lord Reading. The referenced “Mr. Andrews” is Charles Freer Andrews (1871-1940), an Anglican priest and missionary, who became a close friend of Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore and was active in the Indian Independence Movement.
  
  
  
  Gandhi arrived at Simla on the afternoon of May 12th and was granted his request for an appointment with the Viceroy, meeting him on the afternoon of the 13th and again on the morning of the 14th. The letter can be seen in the context of what was happening in India at that time: The Viceroy, Lord Reading, had only taken up his post on April 2, 1921, taking over from Lord Chelmsford, and Gandhi had implemented the Non-Cooperation Movement in September 1920, becoming leader of the Indian National Congress in 1921 and advocating nonviolent resistance methods. The meetings were held at a time when Gandhi's Muslim allies, Nationalist leaders Shaukat Ali and Mohammad Ali Jauhar (Ali brothers), had been threatened with arrest by Reading for publishing articles in newspapers encouraging Muslims to leave the army, which the British regarded as sedition. Gandhi was concerned that the arrest of the Ali brothers would weaken the Hindu-Muslim alliance and arranged to meet the Viceroy in order to effect a compromise. The first meetings apparently discussed matters relating to the Amritsar Massacre of 1919, in which Gandhi made four demands including the dismissal of all government officials involved and stopping the pension of General Dyer the officer who commanded the troops, Reading was unable to agree and wrote to the Secretary of State, ‘To be frank, I see little if any hope of arriving at anything satisfactory with Gandhi.’ The meetings continued, however, and by May 19th some common ground had been found with Reading writing to London, ‘Altogether you will judge that I liked him and that I believe there are possibilities for the future.’
  
  
  
  The New York Times of May 17, 1921, bore the headline: ‘Reading and Gandhi Meet: Viceroy has a long interview with the Indian Nationalist Leader,’ and the August 3, 1921, issue of The Lahore Tribune referred to the meetings: ‘We have said that the agreed version of the interviews that took place between the Viceroy and Mahatma Gandhi at Simla some time ago amounts to a full vindication of Gandhi’s position. It will be remembered that four main questions were agitating the public mind at the time when we pressed for the publication of an agreed version. These were (1) the circumstances under which the interviews took place, and whether they were in any way the outcome of Gandhi’s anxiety to save the Ali brothers; (2) whether there was anything said or done at the interviews calculated to suggest that it was for the purpose of saving the two brothers that Gandhi undertook to advise them to publicly express their regret for the unintentional incitement contained in their speeches; (3) whether Gandhi gave anything in the nature of an assurance to the Viceroy that the brothers would apologize to the Government; (4) whether during the conversations, any detailed scheme of Swaraj was put forward or discussed. On all these points, the version fully satisfies the public curiosity. On all of them, Gandhi comes triumphantly out of the ordeal. First, as regards the circumstances under which the interviews took place, we know for certain what we had suspected, that the idea of the interview originated, not with Gandhi but first with Pandit Malaviya, then with Mr. Andrews, that when it was suggested to His Excellency, he replied that he would gladly see Mr. Gandhi if he called, that Pandit Malaviya, inviting Mr. Gandhi to Simla, did not refer to the contemplated proceedings against Mr. Shaukat Ali and Mr. Mahommed Ali, and that the interviews that took place between the two eminent men were intended to have and did have reference to the situation generally.’
  
  
  
  Sidney Robert Hignell C.I.E. I.C.S. was born June 3, 1873, in Thornbury, Gloucestershire, as one of seven children. He was educated at Malvern College and won a scholarship to Worcester College Oxford. He joined the Indian Civil Service in his twenties and was a keen sportsman playing cricket and tennis. He played cricket for the ‘Gentlemen of India’ team in 1903-04 and won a tennis tournament in Darjeeling in 1904. He served as the Deputy Commissioner and Financial Secretary in Bihar and Orissa, and in 1916 he became Deputy Home Secretary of the Government of India; a year later he was awarded the Indian Distinguished Service Medal. From 1920-1924 he was Private Secretary to the Viceroy of India, first under Lord Chelmsford and then Lord Reading. In 1922 he was made Companion of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India in the New Year’s Honours List. On completion of his service to the Viceroy in 1924, Hignell returned to Thornbury in Gloucestershire where he purchased and renovated a large estate called ‘The Chalet.’ A life long bachelor, he passed away on May 24, 1939.
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