Near East / Holy Land, Palmyra, Roman period, ca. 1st to 3rd century CE. A high relief head of beautiful woman, skillfully hand-carved from limestone and most likely a funerary portrait for an elaborate tomb of an elite family. Her visage is tranquil in demeanor with large almond-shaped eyes showing delineated irises and lids, a strong brow line, an aquiline nose, full lips that are closed to connote a solemn gaze, naturalistically rendered cheeks and chin, and a centrally parted wavy coiffure. Note that traces of black pigment outline the eyes, embellish the irises/pupils, and further delineate the brows. Originally it was covered in a thin white slip and then bright colors were applied. Lifelike portraits like this were intended to represent individuals. Although not truly veristic depictions, Palmyrene portraits still conveyed unique qualities of individuals. From busts like this, scholars are actively learning about family genealogies in Palmyrene society. Size: 4.5" L x 6.125" W x 7.75" H (11.4 cm x 15.6 cm x 19.7 cm); 12.25" H (31.1 cm) on included custom stand.
Palmyra was a wealthy city that linked the caravan routes from the Parthian Near East with the Roman Mediterranean; the people who lived there during this period largely enjoyed prosperity and were able to adopt eastern and western customs, clothing, and artistic styles, creating a distinctive visual culture unique to the city. We know of this culture today from the large funerary monuments that the Palmyrans built - tower-shaped vaults whose interiors were lined with sculpted limestone reliefs depicting the deceased.
According to archaeologist Rubina Raja who is spearheading the Palmyra Portrait Project, "Originally they (busts like this) were put up as closing slabs in front of burial niches in the monumental tower tombs underground, and also in the so-called temple tombs. The busts would have been put up as closing slabs for burial niches. People would be mummified and put on shelves, and in front of that you would display the funerary portrait."
Provenance: private East Coast, USA collection; ex-Artemis Gallery; ex-private New Jersey, USA collection; ex-William Froelich collection, New York, USA, acquired in the 1970s
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#146948
Condition
A large section from a funerary sculpture with losses to verso and peripheries as shown. Stress cracks to forehead, neck, and areas of coiffure. Expected surface wear with scuffs, pigment loss (though traces of black pigment remain on eyes and brows), and nicks. Restoration to nose and possibly areas of cheeks.