Roman, Imperial Period, ca. 1st to 3rd century CE. A fascinating cast-leaded-copper figure of an African male who would have been known as an Ethiopian (Aethiops) or Nubian by the Romans. The figure stands in a dynamic pose that balances on his right foot with his left lightly sweeping behind, his torso leaning dramatically to the left with his left arm bent and bearing an open hand. The perforation in his right hand was perhaps meant to hold a staff or a performative prop such as a drinking vessel, and his muscular physique is clothed with only a knotted loincloth. The dancer's physiognomy is of characteristic African origin with broad ears, puffy lips, and bulging eyes presented beneath a conical hat. Mottled layers of green, brown, and russet patina have formed across this fine example of Roman figural artistry! Size: 2.8" W x 3.5" H (7.1 cm x 8.9 cm); 4.4" H (11.2 cm) on included custom stand.
The Romans had extensive contacts with people from Saharan and sub-Saharan Africa (in addition to variously occupying land in Egypt and western North Africa). Gold, food, spices, slaves, textiles, coinage, and even exotic animals were part of the robust trade between these regions. Some Africans lived in Rome, and some notable examples ascended to high social status. Well-read Romans regarded the kingdom of Ethiopia - which they used to refer to everything south of Egypt - as a place to be respected. However, in Roman mythology and literature, black skin was a sign of an inhabitant of the Underworld - for example, Charon is described not only as having black skin, but also as having the facial features of an Aethiops by multiple Classical authors, including Ovid, Pliny, and Virgil. Actual African and Egyptian performers played theatrical roles of Underworld characters, and according to Cassius Dio, Emperor Domitian (r. 81-96 CE) threw a dinner party for Senators he disliked where he made his adolescent slaves paint themselves black to represent the Underworld in order to terrify his guests. What Romans intended by their artistic depictions of Africans is unclear, and remains a point of research and debate.
Provenance: private East Coast, USA collection; ex-Collins collection, California, USA 1980s
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#152933
Condition
Repairs to left elbow, three fingers on left hand, right arm at shoulder, and left foot at ankle, with light resurfacing and minor adhesive residue along break lines. Loss to original right ankle and foot as shown. Abrasions and minor nicks to legs, body, fingers, and head, with light softening to some finer details, and light encrustations within some recessed areas. Wonderful patina throughout.