Near East/Holy Land, Byzantine Empire, ca. 12th to 15th century CE. An incredibly rare 92% silver fork of delicate form, with incised motifs above its tines. The handle is long and thin, capped by a small ball. It curves sharply before it meets the head of the fork, which branches outward into three long, thin, tapering tines. The motifs above the tines are an anchor, a cross, and a small triangular form that joins them together - probably the personal mark of the owner of the fork. Size: 0.6" W x 6.6" H (1.5 cm x 16.8 cm); 6.6" H (16.8 cm) on included custom stand; 21.6 grams total weight
Although spoons and knives were used throughout antiquity, forks were a relatively late addition to the Mediterranean table. We believe that Persian nobles used something like them in the 9th century, and they had arrived in the Byzantine Empire by the 11th century - there is a manuscript showing two men using two-pronged instruments at a table, and a harsh criticism of a Byzantine-born Venetian princess by St. Peter Damian: "[S]uch was the luxury of her habits... [that] she deigned not to touch her food with her fingers, but would command her eunuchs to cut it up into small pieces, which she would impale on a certain golden instrument with two prongs and thus carry to her mouth." He included this description in a diatribe against the princess's vanity - a sin so terrible that he described her later death from plague as a just punishment from God. The fork continued to be regarded skeptically in the medieval world beyond the Byzantine Empire and Islamic Middle East, perhaps, as one scholar suggests, due to its resemblance to the devil's pitchfork.
Provenance: private East Coast, USA collection; ex-Frances Artuner collection, Belgium, acquired in the 1960s
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#143876
Condition
Light patina in places. In beautiful condition with clear incised motif.