Southern Mesopotamia, possibly Sumerian, Late Uruk to Jemdet Nasr, ca. 3300 to 2900 BCE. Carved from a single piece of creamy white stone, a petite bowl with a procession of four bulls moving toward the right delineated in relief - each one standing in profile with outward facing heads, wonderfully contoured muscular bodies, and long, twisted tails. The bull was a symbol of virility and fertility. What's more, the Sumerians also combined human and bull features in their visual culture. For example, among the most beloved treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur is the Great Lyre (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology) which depicts a nude bearded male figure holding two human-headed bulls, as well as the famous lamassu - human-headed winged bulls - of the earlier Neo-Assyrian period which were believed to be protective deities. Size: 3.125" in diameter x 1.625" H (7.9 cm x 4.1 cm)
A fragment of a similar frieze of bulls in relief from a Mesopotamian steatite bowl is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The description reads in part, "Vessels of this type have been frequently found in palaces or religious structures, which suggests that they had a special function in such settings. After cylinder seals, they are the most important source of pictorial information for the period. The pictures are drawn from the natural realm, often portraying, as here, an ordered world of domesticated animals or, alternatively, the threat of potentially hostile creatures such as the lion." (https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/50.218/)
Provenance: private East Coast, USA collection
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#135275
Condition
Losses to upper section/rim including top of one bull's head as shown, but the vessel form is relatively well preserved, with all four bulls visible. Black deposits on interior.