Greece, Hellenistic Period, ca. late 4th to early 1st century CE. A masterful ceramic vessel in the form of a goat seated atop a low, flat base. The goat is lifelike, its legs crouched underneath its body, which is portrayed with strong musculature on its haunches and powerful chest. A narrow strap handle and short spout that widens to a delicate mouth rises from the animal's shoulders. The head is a wonderful portrayal, with a long snout, calm, almond-shaped eyes, a magnificent beard, delicate pointed ears, and large, curved horns incised to give them a lifelike texture. A simple garland decorated with four leaves wraps around the animal's forehead. Remains of earthy red pigment give the impression of a bridle on the face, while the rest of the animal is painted the same pale orange as its base. Size: 8.6" W x 6.8" H (21.8 cm x 17.3 cm)
The garland around the head gives us a clue as to this goat's meaning. In the Greco-Roman world, goats were associated with the god Dionysus (Bacchus), god of wine and nature, and with the revels of the satyrs. At the massive Athenian festival of Dionysus, the second most important festival in the Greek calendar, actors performed tragedies and, from 487 BCE, comedies. The very first performance, in 534 BCE, was by the actor Thespis, who was awarded with a goat. Indeed, the word "tragedy" has "goat song" in its etymology - although whether this refers to a song whose singer would receive a goat for their performance or the mournful founds of actual goats is unclear. This vessel likely references the gift of the goat and the importance of Dionysus.
Provenance: private East Coast, USA collection; ex-Royal-Athena Galleries, New York, USA, acquired in the 2000s
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#152885
Condition
Expertly repaired and restored; this is so well done as to be almost invisible. Notable areas are the back of the goat's body and the horns. The face is beautifully preserved with a high degree of detail. Nice deposits, especially on the underside.