East Asia, China, Han Dynasty, ca. 206 BCE to 220 CE. A finely modeled terracotta cart that is equipped with an ox to pull it. The cart has a rhomboid body with a large open interior for storage and an opening at the rear end, two separately made wheels with delineated spokes, and a broad curved roof. The ox stands upon its four legs and is realistically rendered with pointy horns, bulging eyes, a prominent snout, a hump on its back, and a curled tail - poised for labor. Size of ensemble as displayed: 15" L x 8" W x 9.625" H (38.1 cm x 20.3 cm x 24.4 cm); 10.75" H (27.3 cm) on included custom stand.
This piece is part of a class of artifacts called mingqi - sometimes known as "spirit utensils" or "vessels for ghosts". They became popular in the Han Dynasty and would persist for several centuries. Mingqui included attendants, musicians, athletes, animals, structures etc. Even though they were mass produced, mingqi of the Han Dynasty often show a high level of detail and naturalism. These were designed to assist the po, the part of the soul of the deceased that remained underground with the body while the hun, the other part of the soul, ascended. Scholars believe that caring for the po took on a new level of meaning in the Han period, with more elaborate rituals and tomb construction arising.
Provenance: private Hawaii, USA collection; ex- Hong Kong Gallery, 1990
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#162834
Condition
Missing yoke that once connected ox to cart. Ox and wheels are separately made from the cart. Ox is intact. Two small sections reattached to edge of one wheel. Other wheel professionally repaired from about 5 or 6 pieces. Cart shows chips to peripheries. All pieces show expected surface wear with scuffs, abrasions, nicks commensurate with age. Nice earthen and mineral deposits grace the surfaces. Felt circles on undersides of cart and ox's hooves.