Near East / Holy Land, Byzantine Empire, ca. 4th to 6th century CE. A heavy, cast chariot rein guide, made from a copper-lead alloy, in the form of a bull's head with a large loop on either side and below it. The head projects outward from the center of the piece, and is capped by a cross, its surface incised with concentric circles, a symbol often thought to ward off the evil eye. The bull's head is also lightly incised to give the impression of fur. Size: 5" W x 5.55" H (12.7 cm x 14.1 cm); 7.65" H (19.4 cm) on included custom stand.
Chariot racing was the most popular sport in the early Byzantine Empire, with fans, including Emperors and Empresses, divided into the violent rivalry between the Blues and Greens. Periodic riots led to the massacres of thousands of fans, including one suppressed by Justinian I and Theodora after five days of complete chaos in Constantinople that ended in the slaughter of 30,000 people inside the Hippodrome. Chariots raced around a long but extremely narrow track, and ancient inscriptions tell us that charioteers frequently died grisly deaths in their early 20s - crushed against walls and dragged behind their horses, their chariots destroyed. This heavy rein guide gives us an idea of the opulent appearance of these vehicles.
The British Museum holds a nearly identical object: http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=59139&partId=1&searchText=byzantine+chariot&page=1
Provenance: private East Coast, USA collection
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#137179
Condition
Small loss to bottom of lower ring. Cross is bent to one side as shown in the photographs but the bend has not harmed its integrity. A well preserved example overall, with a smooth, dark green patina and excellent preservation of detail on the bull and cross.