East Asia, China, Shang Dynasty, ca. 1558 to 1046 BCE. A stunning and finely-formed ritual funerary item known as a "cong," carved by hand from a creamy yellow hardstone with beige and light-grey inclusions. The cong bears a square form, a circular opening drilled through the center, and four projecting corners with sharply-grooved contours. Each of the exterior corners boasts a pair of incised abstract faces, one with minimalist eyes and a broad headband filled with intricate curvilinear motifs, and the other with enormous egg-shaped eye panels filled with similarly-intricate motifs. This cong was formed through a meticulous carving and smoothing process using awls, drills, and abrasives of varying fineness, and boasts an incredibly smooth surface which is pleasing to the touch. Size: 2.7" W x 2.1" H (6.9 cm x 5.3 cm).
During the Shang dynasty, members of the royalty were accompanied in the afterlife by their bronzes, ceramics, weapons, amulets, and ornaments, and even the human and animal entourage that surrounded them in life. Fine stone items like this one formed part of the decoration of these tombs and seem to have been reserved for the most elite people in society. The funerary function of congs like this example probably had a religious connotation. Some scholars of Chinese Neolithic history and anthropology posit that the cong is "...based on the ancient Chinese notion that earth was square and heaven round, while the hole in the object represents the passage connecting heaven and earth." (Weichao, Yu. "A Journey into China's Antiquity - Volume 1: Palaeolithic Age - Spring and Autumn Period." National Museum of Chinese History, Beijing, China, 1997, p. 80)
Provenance: private New Jersey, USA collection
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#144595
Condition
Light abrasions to surfaces, with a small chip to one corner, and minor softening to some incised details, otherwise intact and excellent. Light earthen deposits within some incised details.