Live
Apr 09, 11:00AM EDT

Houdiniana & The Davenport Magic Collection

Auction ended

Featured Items

602 Results
Sort by
  • HamleyНs. Group of Three HamleyНs Magic Catalogs. Including Book of Magic (1920s), publisherНs picto
    Estimate
    $100 - $200
    Lot 479

    HamleyНs. Group of Three HamleyНs Magic Catalogs. Inclu...

    Est.
    $100 - $200
  • Magical Woodcraft. Los Angeles: Thayer & Christianer, ca. 1912. PublisherНs wraps, illustrated with
    Estimate
    $100 - $200
    Lot 480

    Magical Woodcraft. Los Angeles: Thayer & Christianer, c...

    Est.
    $100 - $200
  • [Miscellaneous] Group of Magic Catalogs from Various Manufacturers. 1920s _ 50s. Original wrappers.
    Estimate
    $200 - $400
    Lot 481

    [Miscellaneous] Group of Magic Catalogs from Various Ma...

    Est.
    $200 - $400
  • Roterberg, A. No. 1 Descriptive Catalogue of the Latest European Novelties. Chicago, ca. 1894. Pink
    Estimate
    $200 - $250
    Lot 482

    Roterberg, A. No. 1 Descriptive Catalogue of the Latest...

    Est.
    $200 - $250
  • Roterberg, A. Catalogue No. 5 Superior, New and Standard Conjuring Tricks, Spiritualistic Manifestat
    Estimate
    $200 - $300
    Lot 483

    Roterberg, A. Catalogue No. 5 Superior, New and Standar...

    Est.
    $200 - $300
  • Roterberg, A. Catalogue No. 7 and 8. Chicago, 1904. PublisherНs illustrated green and orange wraps.
    Estimate
    $200 - $250
    Lot 484

    Roterberg, A. Catalogue No. 7 and 8. Chicago, 1904. Pub...

    Est.
    $200 - $250
  • Roterberg, A. Catalogue of Conjuring Tricks No. 11. Chicago, 1909. Color pictorial wrappers. Profuse
    Estimate
    $150 - $250
    Lot 485

    Roterberg, A. Catalogue of Conjuring Tricks No. 11. Chi...

    Est.
    $150 - $250
  • Roterberg, A. Group of Catalogs and Supplementary Lists. Including Catalogue No. 11 (1909); Catalogu
    Estimate
    $250 - $350
    Lot 486

    Roterberg, A. Group of Catalogs and Supplementary Lists...

    Est.
    $250 - $350
  • Windsor Novelties Catalogue of Jokes and Catches. London, ca. 1915 _ 20. Being a group of four catal
    Estimate
    $100 - $200
    Lot 487

    Windsor Novelties Catalogue of Jokes and Catches. Londo...

    Est.
    $100 - $200
  • Alexander, C. (Claude Alexander Conlin). Portrait of Alexander, inscribed and signed. [Los Angeles?]
    Estimate
    $500 - $750
    Lot 488

    Alexander, C. (Claude Alexander Conlin). Portrait of Al...

    Est.
    $500 - $750
  • Anderson, John Henry. Photograph of John Henry Anderson, the Great Wizard of the North. Circa 1890.
    Estimate
    $200 - $300
    Lot 489

    Anderson, John Henry. Photograph of John Henry Anderson...

    Est.
    $200 - $300
  • Andress, Charles. Portrait of Charles Andress, Inscribed and Signed. California: Hartsook, ca. 1926.
    Estimate
    $100 - $200
    Lot 490

    Andress, Charles. Portrait of Charles Andress, Inscribe...

    Est.
    $100 - $200
  • Blackstone, Harry. Souvenir Program Signed, сCol Harry Blackstone,о to Willane the Magician. Chicago
    Estimate
    $100 - $150
    Lot 491

    Blackstone, Harry. Souvenir Program Signed, сCol Harry ...

    Est.
    $100 - $150
  • Chung Ling Soo (William Ellsworth Robinson). Photographs of Chung Ling Soo Posters. Bristol, ca. 191
    Estimate
    $500 - $700
    Lot 492

    Chung Ling Soo (William Ellsworth Robinson). Photograph...

    Est.
    $500 - $700
  • Chung Ling Soo. Postcard of Magician Chung Ling Soo. Circa 1910. Medallion bust portrait of the famo
    Estimate
    $100 - $200
    Lot 493

    Chung Ling Soo. Postcard of Magician Chung Ling Soo. Ci...

    Est.
    $100 - $200
  • [Classical Conjurers]. Eight Images of Classical Magicians. Including small photographs and printed
    Estimate
    $400 - $600
    Lot 494

    [Classical Conjurers]. Eight Images of Classical Magici...

    Est.
    $400 - $600
  • Collection of Counter and Window Display Cards for Magic and Novelty Toys. London, ca. 1930s _ 50s.
    Estimate
    $200 - $300
    Lot 495

    Collection of Counter and Window Display Cards for Magi...

    Est.
    $200 - $300
  • Dante (Harry August Jansen). Portrait of Dante the Magician, Inscribed and Signed. Circa 1933. Bust
    Estimate
    $150 - $250
    Lot 496

    Dante (Harry August Jansen). Portrait of Dante the Magi...

    Est.
    $150 - $250
  • Dante. Three Photographs of Dante the Magician. Circa 1935. The first a photographic montage of Dant
    Estimate
    $200 - $300
    Lot 497

    Dante. Three Photographs of Dante the Magician. Circa 1...

    Est.
    $200 - $300
  • Davenport, Lewis and Winifred Wynne. Two Real Photo Postcards. London, ca. 1927. Photographic public
    Estimate
    $200 - $250
    Lot 498

    Davenport, Lewis and Winifred Wynne. Two Real Photo Pos...

    Est.
    $200 - $250
  • De Biere, Arnold. Three Pieces of Ephemera. Including a vintage publicity photo (5 _ x 8 _о)  of the
    Estimate
    $300 - $500
    Lot 499

    De Biere, Arnold. Three Pieces of Ephemera. Including a...

    Est.
    $300 - $500
  • De Kolta, Buatier. Photograph of Buatier de Kolta performing the Expanding Die. Circa 1910. Full-len
    Estimate
    $150 - $250
    Lot 500

    De Kolta, Buatier. Photograph of Buatier de Kolta perfo...

    Est.
    $150 - $250
  • De Kolta, Buatier. Portrait of Buatier de Kolta. [New York?], ca. 1900. Three-quarter length portrai
    Estimate
    $400 - $600
    Lot 501

    De Kolta, Buatier. Portrait of Buatier de Kolta. [New Y...

    Est.
    $400 - $600
  • D_bler, Ludwig. Portrait of Magician Ludwig D_bler. Circa 1890. Albumen bust portrait depicts a draw
    Estimate
    $200 - $300
    Lot 502

    D_bler, Ludwig. Portrait of Magician Ludwig D_bler. Cir...

    Est.
    $200 - $300
  • Ellison, Saram. Signed portrait of Dr. Saram Ellison. [New York], ca. 1904. Stern bust portrait of t
    Estimate
    $150 - $250
    Lot 503

    Ellison, Saram. Signed portrait of Dr. Saram Ellison. [...

    Est.
    $150 - $250
  • Frizzo (Enrico Longone). Portrait of Italian Magician Frizzo. Circa 1900. Printed bust portrait of t
    Estimate
    $100 - $200
    Lot 504

    Frizzo (Enrico Longone). Portrait of Italian Magician F...

    Est.
    $100 - $200
  • Goldin, Horace. Three Typed Letters Signed, сHorace,о to Will Goldston. London, 1927 _ 31. On thre d
    Estimate
    $200 - $300
    Lot 505

    Goldin, Horace. Three Typed Letters Signed, сHorace,о t...

    Est.
    $200 - $300
  • Goldin, Horace. Three Typed Letters Signed, сHorace,о to Will Goldston. London, 1927 _ 31. On 4to pi
    Estimate
    $200 - $300
    Lot 506

    Goldin, Horace. Three Typed Letters Signed, сHorace,о t...

    Est.
    $200 - $300
  • Goldin, Horace. Postcard of Horace Goldin, Inscribed and Signed. British, ca. 1920. Handsome half-le
    Estimate
    $200 - $300
    Lot 507

    Goldin, Horace. Postcard of Horace Goldin, Inscribed an...

    Est.
    $200 - $300
  • [Goldston, Will] Group of Five Letters to Will Goldston. London, 1940. The correspondents being magi
    Estimate
    $100 - $150
    Lot 508

    [Goldston, Will] Group of Five Letters to Will Goldston...

    Est.
    $100 - $150
  • Goldston, Will. Seven Different Pieces of Goldston Letterhead and Notepaper. London, 1910s _ 30s. In
    Estimate
    $100 - $150
    Lot 509

    Goldston, Will. Seven Different Pieces of Goldston Lett...

    Est.
    $100 - $150
  • Heller, Robert (William Henry Palmer). Bust Portrait of Robert Heller. Circa 1875. Bust portrait of
    Estimate
    $300 - $500
    Lot 510

    Heller, Robert (William Henry Palmer). Bust Portrait of...

    Est.
    $300 - $500
  • Herrmann, Adelaide. Portrait of Adelaide Herrmann. Circa 1900. Silver print bust portrait of Alexand
    Estimate
    $250 - $350
    Lot 511

    Herrmann, Adelaide. Portrait of Adelaide Herrmann. Circ...

    Est.
    $250 - $350
  • Herrmann, Adelaide. Signed Portrait of Adelaide Herrmann. New York: Apeda, ca. 1900. Handsome sepia-
    Estimate
    $400 - $600
    Lot 512

    Herrmann, Adelaide. Signed Portrait of Adelaide Herrman...

    Est.
    $400 - $600
  • Herrmann, Adelaide. Signed Portrait of Adelaide Herrmann. [New York], ca. 1920. Half-length studio p
    Estimate
    $300 - $500
    Lot 513

    Herrmann, Adelaide. Signed Portrait of Adelaide Herrman...

    Est.
    $300 - $500
  • Herrmann, Adelaide. Portrait of Adelaide Herrmann as Cagliostro. Circa 1900. Full-length portrait of
    Estimate
    $250 - $350
    Lot 514

    Herrmann, Adelaide. Portrait of Adelaide Herrmann as Ca...

    Est.
    $250 - $350
  • Houdini, Beatrice. Portrait of Mrs. Houdini and Her Niece in Costume, Signed by Houdini. Chicago: Bu
    Estimate
    $1,500 - $2,000
    Lot 515

    Houdini, Beatrice. Portrait of Mrs. Houdini and Her Nie...

    Est.
    $1,500 - $2,000
  • Houdini, Harry. Real Photo Postcard of Harry Houdini. сThe Handcuff King.о London: Rapid Photo Co./C
    Estimate
    $500 - $700
    Lot 516

    Houdini, Harry. Real Photo Postcard of Harry Houdini. с...

    Est.
    $500 - $700
  • Kalanag (Helmut Schreiber). Miscellaneous Kalanag Ephemera. 1940s. Including two souvenir programs (
    Estimate
    $80 - $125
    Lot 517

    Kalanag (Helmut Schreiber). Miscellaneous Kalanag Ephem...

    Est.
    $80 - $125
  • [Labels] More than 25 Magic Set Labels. English, ca. 1920s _ 30s. An array of labels, predominantly
    Estimate
    $200 - $400
    Lot 518

    [Labels] More than 25 Magic Set Labels. English, ca. 19...

    Est.
    $200 - $400
  • The Great Lafayette (Sigmund Neuberger). Photograph of LafayetteНs Dog, сBeauty,о In Funeral Cabinet
    Estimate
    $400 - $500
    Lot 519

    The Great Lafayette (Sigmund Neuberger). Photograph of ...

    Est.
    $400 - $500
  • LeRoy, Servais. Cabinet Photograph of Magician Servais LeRoy. San Francisco & Los Angeles: Theodore
    Estimate
    $1,200 - $1,800
    Lot 520

    LeRoy, Servais. Cabinet Photograph of Magician Servais ...

    Est.
    $1,200 - $1,800
  • LeRoy, Servais. LeRoy, Talma, and Bosco Studio Portrait Photograph. Berlin: Georg Gerlach & Co., ca.
    Estimate
    $900 - $1,200
    Lot 521

    LeRoy, Servais. LeRoy, Talma, and Bosco Studio Portrait...

    Est.
    $900 - $1,200
  • LeRoy, Servais. LeRoy, Talma, and Bosco Studio Portrait Photograph. Berlin: Georg Gerlach & Co., ca.
    Estimate
    $1,000 - $1,400
    Lot 522

    LeRoy, Servais. LeRoy, Talma, and Bosco Studio Portrait...

    Est.
    $1,000 - $1,400
  • Talma (Mary Ann Ford). Portrait of Talma (of LeRoy, Talma and Bosco). Berlin: Georg Gerlach & Co., c
    Estimate
    $800 - $1,200
    Lot 523

    Talma (Mary Ann Ford). Portrait of Talma (of LeRoy, Tal...

    Est.
    $800 - $1,200
  • LeRoy, Servais. Group of Four Leroy, Talma, Bosco Postcards. German, ca. 1910s. Four different real
    Estimate
    $100 - $150
    Lot 524

    LeRoy, Servais. Group of Four Leroy, Talma, Bosco Postc...

    Est.
    $100 - $150
  • Lester Harry (Maryan Czajkowski). Photographic brochure of ventriloquist The Great Lester. London, c
    Estimate
    $100 - $200
    Lot 525

    Lester Harry (Maryan Czajkowski). Photographic brochure...

    Est.
    $100 - $200
  • [London MagiciansН Club] Six Pieces of Early Club Material. London, 1911 _ 41. Including an unissued
    Estimate
    $150 - $250
    Lot 526

    [London MagiciansН Club] Six Pieces of Early Club Mater...

    Est.
    $150 - $250

Auction Description

Houdiniana & The Davenport Magic Collection by Potter & Potter Auctions

Our April 9th auction is a two-part magic extravaganza. The first section will feature choice memorabilia related to the most famous magician and escape artist the world has ever known: Harry Houdini.

Lithographs, Broadsides and Challenges, featuring the iconic “Houdini for President" three-sheet poster printed by Strobridge Litho. Photographs and Ephemera, among them Houdini movie stills, postcards, manuscripts, autographs and correspondence, including unpublished material. Associated memorabilia, magic props, handcuffs, lobby displays, scrapbooks, and more - all related to Houdini, his comptetitors, and escape artists.

The second half of our April auction features items from the storied collection of Lewis Davenport & Co. of London. One of the world's oldest and most successful magic shops and manufacturers, the Davenport family also owns and maintains one of the world's great collections of conjuring memorabilia and illusions.

For the first time, items from the family's well-known holdings will be offered for sale at public auction. Going on the block are scarce and collectible books, vintage stone lithographs, magic props (including several from the famous German firm of Janos Bartl), vintage magic supply catalogs, photographs, ephemera, Will Goldston ephemera direct from his private files, and more.

Read more
Potter & Potter Auctions
Chicago, IL 60613
United States

potterauctions@gmail.com

Phone:(773) 472-1442

Buyer’s Premium

Start Premium (%)
$0 23.00

Bid Increments

Start Increments ($)
$0 $5
$30 $10
$100 $25
$500 $50
$1,000 $100
$2,000 $200
$6,000 $500
$10,000 $1,000
$20,000 $2,000
$50,000 $5,000
$100,000 $10,000

Shipping Info

If your bid is successful, as an alternative to in-house shipping, we can provide you with a list of shippers. We will not be responsible for the acts or omissions of carriers or packers whether or not recommended by us. Property will not be released to the shipper without the buyer's written consent and until payment has been made in full. Packing and handling by us of purchased lots is at the entire risk of the purchaser, and Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc. will have no liability of any loss or damage to such items. Packing and shipping expenses shall be added to buyer's invoice and will reflect a charge for labor, materials, insurance, transportation, as well as actual shipper fees.

Read more

Terms & Conditions

CONDITIONS OF SALE

The lots listed in this catalogue (whether printed or posted online) will be offered at public auction by Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc., as agent for consignor(s) subject to the following terms and conditions. By bidding at auction you agree to be bound by these Conditions of Sale.

PRIOR TO THE SALE

Please examine lots. Prospective buyers are strongly advised to "in person" or by personally retained Agent, examine any property in which they are interested before the auction takes place. Condition reports may be provided if requested in a timely manner.

Condition of lots, Warranties and Representations - All lots are sold "AS IS" and without recourse, and neither Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc. nor its consignor(s) makes any warranties or representations, express or implied with respect to such lots. Neither Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc. nor its consignor(s) makes any express or implied warranty or representation of any kind or nature with respect to merchantability, fitness for purpose, correctness of the catalogue or other description of the physical condition, size, quality, rarity, importance, medium, material, genuineness, attribution, provenance, period, source, origin, completeness, historical significance of any lot sold. The absence of any reference to the condition of a lot does not imply that the lot is in perfect condition or completely free from wear and tear, imperfections or the effects of aging. No statement, whether written or oral, and whether made in the catalogue, or in supplements to the catalogue, an advertisement, a bill of sale, a posting or announcement, the remarks of an auctioneer, or otherwise, shall be deemed to create any warranty, representation or assumption of liability. Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc. and its consignor(s) make no warranty or representation, express or implied, that the purchaser will acquire any copyright or reproduction rights to any lot sold.

AT THE SALE

Registration Before Bidding - A prospective buyer must complete and sign a registration form and provide identification before bidding. We may require bank or other financial references. Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc., is under no obligation to approve the registration of any prospective registrant.

Bidding as Principal - When making a bid, a bidder is accepting personal liability to pay the purchase price, including the buyer's premium, all applicable taxes and all other applicable charges, unless it has been explicitly agreed upon in writing with Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc. before the commencement of the sale that the bidder is acting as agent on behalf of an identified third party acceptable to Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc., and that Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc. will only look to the principal for payment.

Absentee Bids - Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc. will use reasonable efforts to carry out written bids given to us prior to the sale for the convenience of clients who are not present at the auction in person. Bids must be placed in U.S. dollars. If we receive written bids on a particular lot for identical amounts, and these are the highest bids on the lot at the auction, it will be sold to the person whose written bid was received and accepted first. Execution of written bids is a free service undertaken subject to other commitments at the time of the sale and Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc. does not not accept liability for failing to execute a written bid or for errors and omissions in connection with such written bid(s).

Telephone Bids - If a prospective buyer makes arrangements with us prior to the commencement of the sale we will use reasonable efforts to contact said prospective buyer to enable them to participate in the bidding by telephone and we do not accept liability for failure to do so or for errors and omissions in connection with telephone bidding.

Online Bids - We will use reasonable efforts to carry out online bids and do not accept liability for equipment failure, inability to access the internet or software malfunctions related to the execution of online bids. To avoid the possibility of any error in entering or acceptance of an online bid, it is recommended that you bid directly with Potter and Potter auctions either by way of in person, absentee or telephone bidding.

Reserves - Although the majority of the lots in the sale are offered without reserve, some lots in the sale may be subject to a reserve which is the confidential minimum price below which such lot will not be sold. The reserve will not exceed the low estimate of the lot. Reserves are agreed upon with consignors or, in the absence thereof, the absolute discretion of Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc. The auctioneer may open the bidding on any lot below the reserve by placing a bid on behalf of the seller. The auctioneer may continue to bid on behalf of the seller up to the amount of the reserve, either by placing consecutive bids or by placing bids in response to other bidders. With respect to lots that are offered without reserve, unless there are already competing bids, the auctioneer, in his or her discretion, will generally open the bidding at half of the low estimate for the lot. In the absence of a bid at that level, the auctioneer may proceed backwards at his or her discretion until a bid is recognized, and then continue up from that amount.

Auctioneer's Discretion - The auctioneer has the right at his or her absolute and sole discretion to refuse any bid, to advance the bidding in such a manner as he or she may decide, to withdraw any lot, and in the case of error or dispute, and whether during or after the sale, to determine the successful bidder, to continue the bidding, to cancel the sale or to reoffer and resell the item in dispute. If any dispute arises after the sale, our sale record is conclusive.

Successful Bid - The highest bidder acknowledged by the auctioneer will be the purchaser. In the case of a tie bid, the winning bidder will determined by the auctioneer at his or her sole discretion. In the event of a dispute between bidders, the auctioneer has final discretion to determine the successful bidder or to re-offer the lot in dispute. If any dispute arises after the sale, the Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc. sale record shall be conclusive. Title passes upon the fall of the auctioneer's hammer to the highest acknowledged bidder subject to the Conditions of Sale set forth herein, and the bidder assumes full risk and responsibility.

AFTER THE SALE

Buyer's Premium - In addition to the hammer price, the online buyer agrees to pay Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc. a buyer's premium of 20%, and the applicable sales tax added to the final total. BIDDERS THAT SUCCESSFULLY BID DIRECTLY WITH POTTER AUCTIONS, THROUGH IN PERSON, ABSENTEE OR TELEPHONE BIDS, SHALL also be subject to a 20% buyer's premium.

Payment - The buyer must pay the entire amount due (including the hammer price, buyer's premium, all applicable taxes and other charges) no later than 5 p.m. on the seventh (7) business day following the sale. Payment in U.S. dollars may be made with cash; bank check or cashier's check drawn on a U.S. bank; money order; or wire transfer unless other arrangements are made with Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc. Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc. reserves the right to hold merchandise purchased by personal check until the check has cleared the bank. The purchaser agrees to pay Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc. a handling charge of $50 for any check dishonored by Bank.

Due to credit card processing charges, In the event buyer desires to pay by using a credit card, a convenience fee equaling 2.5 % of the entire amount due shall be added to the buyer's invoice. 'We encourage you to pay by sending us a check or wire transfer to avoid the credit card convenience fee. Potter and Potter will consider payment through Paypal only for domestic orders, owing to the extremely high service charges for international transactions.

Non-Payment - If we do not receive payment in full, in good cleared funds, within seven (7) business days following the sale, we are entitled in our absolute discretion to exercise one or more of the following measures, in addition to any additional actions available to us by law: (1) to impose a late charge of one and a half percent (1.5%) per thirty (30) days of the total purchase price, prorated to commence on the date of the sale; (2) to hold the defaulting buyer liable for the total amount due and to begin legal proceedings for its recovery together with interest, legal fees and costs to the fullest extent permitted under applicable law; (3) to rescind the sale; (4) to resell the property publicly or privately with such terms as we find appropriate; (5) to resell the property at public auction without reserve, and with the purchaser liable for any deficiency, cost, including handling charges, the expenses of both sales, our commission on both sales at our regular rate, all other charges due hereunder and incidental damages. In addition, a defaulting purchaser will be deemed to have granted us a security interest in, and we may retain as collateral security for such purchaser's obligations to us, any property in our possession owned by such purchaser. At our option, payment will not be deemed to have been made in full until we have collected funds represented by checks, or in the case of bank or cashier's checks, we have confirmed their authenticity; (6) to offset against any amount owed; (7) to not allow any bids at any upcoming auction by or on behalf of the buyer; (8)to take other action as we find necessary or appropriate.

LIABILITY

Condition Reports - Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc. is not responsible for the correctness of any statement of any kind concerning any lot, whether written or oral, nor for any other errors or omissions in description or for any faults or defects in any lot. Neither the seller, ourselves, our officers, employees or agents, give any representation, warranty or guarantee or assume any liability of any kind in respect of any lot with regard to merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, description, size, quality, completeness, condition, attribution, authenticity, rarity, importance, medium, provenance, prior ownership history, or historical relevance. Except as required by local law any warranty of any kind whatsoever is excluded by this paragraph.

Purchased Lots - If for any reason a purchased lot cannot be delivered in the same condition as at the time of sale, or should any purchased lot be stolen, mis-delivered or lost prior to delivery, Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc. shall not be liable for any amount in excess of that paid by the purchaser.

Legal Ramifications - The rights and obligations of the parties with respect to these Conditions of Sale, the conduct of the auction and any matters connected with any of the foregoing shall be governed and interpreted by the laws of the jurisdiction in Illinois. If any part of these Conditions of Sale is found by any court to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, that part shall be discounted and the rest of the conditions shall continue to be valid to the fullest extent permitted by law.

Discretion - Any and all of the conditions may be waived or modified in the sole discretion of Potter and Potter Auctions, Inc.

Please note: Posters are graded on a letter system, A - C, and are linen backed unless otherwise noted.